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2. Effects of L‑theanine on cognitive function in middle‑aged and older adults: a randomized placebo‑controlled study (2021) Journal of Medicinal Food. Available at:

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3. Green tea extract enhances parieto‑frontal connectivity during working‑memory processing (2014) Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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4. The Effects of Green Tea Extract on Working Memory in Healthy Women (2018) Nutrients. Available at:

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5. Green tea effects on cognition, mood and human brain function: a systematic review (2017) Phytomedicine. Available at:

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6. Effects of L‑theanine administration on stress‑related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo‑controlled study (2019) Nutrients. Available at:

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7. The effects of the green‑tea amino acid L‑theanine on stress/anxiety outcomes: systematic review (2020) Nutrients. Available at:

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8. High‑dose L‑theanine–natural stimulant combination improves ERP P3b and selective attention after sleep loss (2024) Nutrients. Available at:

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1. Cognition‑enhancing effect of Panax ginseng in healthy adults: randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled (2019) Journal of Ginseng Research. Available at:

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2. Effects of Korean red ginseng on human gray‑matter volume and cognition: randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled (2021) Nutritional Neuroscience. Available at:

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3. Emerging evidence that ginseng components improve cognitive function: narrative review (2024) Aging and Disease. Available at:

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4. Effects of Korean red ginseng in individuals exposed to high stress: randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled (2019) Journal of Ginseng Research. Available at:

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5. Safety and tolerability of Korean red ginseng in healthy adults: 24‑week randomized trial (2018) Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Available at:

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6. Dose dependent changes in cognitive performance and mood following acute administration of Ginseng to healthy young volunteers (2001) Nutritional Neuroscience. Available at:

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7. Modulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adults (2002) Physiology & Behavior. Available at:

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8. Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand (2002) Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. Available at:

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1. Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guaraná extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng (2004) Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. Available at:

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2. A double‑blind, placebo‑controlled, multi‑dose evaluation of the acute behavioural effects of guaraná in humans (2007) Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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3. Acute effects of different multivitamin/mineral preparations with guaraná on mood and cognition (2013) Nutrients. Available at:

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4. Vitamin/mineral complex with guaraná attenuates mental fatigue and improves task performance prior to exercise (2015) Nutrients. Available at:

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5. Effect of guaraná on cognitive performance: systematic review and meta‑analysis (2023) Nutrients. Available at:

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6. Cognitive effects of guaraná supplementation with maximal‑intensity cycling: matched natural stimulant comparison (2023) Nutrients. Available at:

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7. Effects of acute guaraná ingestion on cognitive performance and vagal modulation in healthy adults (2024) Nutrients. Available at:

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8. Heart rate variability and cognitive function following multivitamin‑mineral‑guaraná ingestion (2014) Nutrients. Available at:

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1. The dose‑dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers (2000) Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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2. Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers (2005) Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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3. Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta‑analysis (2012) Human Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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1. Choline Intake Correlates with Cognitive Performance among Elder Adults in the United States (2021) Behavioural Neurology. Available at:

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2. Citicoline and Memory Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (2021) The Journal of Nutrition. Available at:

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3. The relation of dietary choline to cognitive performance and white-matter hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (2011) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Available at:

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4. Acetylcholine bidirectionally regulates learning and memory (2022) Journal of Neurorestoratology. Available at:

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6. The Role of Choline in Neurodevelopment (2023) Nutrients. Available at:

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7. Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study (2018) The FASEB Journal. Available at:

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1. The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness (1995) Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Available at:

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2. Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of combat training (1999) Brain Research Bulletin. Available at:

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3. Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress (1994) Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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4. Working memory reloaded: tyrosine repletes updating in the N‑back task (2013) Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. Available at:

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5. Tyrosine promotes cognitive flexibility in task switching (2015) Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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6. Dose‑dependent effects of oral tyrosine on plasma tyr and cognition in older adults: a randomized crossover trial (2017) Nutrients. Available at:

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7. Effects of L‑Tyrosine on working memory and inhibitory control are determined by DRD2 genotype (2016) Cortex. Available at:

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8. Neuro‑cognitive effects of acute tyrosine administration on cognitive control in young adults (2018) Nutrients. Available at:

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9. Baseline‑dependent effect of dopamine's precursor L‑tyrosine on the updating of working memory (2020) Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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1. Improving Cognitive Function with Nutritional Supplements in Aging: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Clinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, and Other Dietary Supplements (2023) Nutrients. Available at:

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2. L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment (2017) Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews. Available at:

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3. L-Carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine roles and neuroprotection in developing brain (2018) Neurochemical Research. Available at:

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4. Acetyl-l-carnitine improves aged brain function (2010) Geriatrics & Gerontology International. Available at:

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5. Chronic acetyl-l-carnitine alters brain energy metabolism and increases noradrenaline and serotonin content in healthy mice (2012) Neurochemistry International. Available at:

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1. Probiotics: The Next Dietary Strategy against Brain Aging (2022) Preventive Nutrition and Food Science (PNF). Available at:

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2. The effect of probiotics on cognitive function across the human lifespan: A systematic review (2021) Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. Available at:

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3. When the microbiome helps the brain-current evidence (2023) CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. Available at:

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4. Probiotics as modulators of gut-brain axis for cognitive development (2024) Frontiers in Pharmacology. Available at:

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5. Effect of Probiotics on Central Nervous System Functions in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review (2016) Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. Available at:

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6. Health-Promoting Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Its Technological Applications in Fermented Food Products and Beverages (2024) Fermentation. Available at:

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7. Positive Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus EG004 on Cognitive Ability of Healthy Mice by Fecal Microbiome Analysis Using Full-Length 16S-23S rRNA Metagenome Sequencing (2022) Microbiology Spectrum. Available at:

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1. Curcumin‑rich curry consumption and neurocognitive function in community‑dwelling older adults (4.5‑year cohort) (2022) Nutrients. Available at:

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2. Curry consumption and cognitive function in the elderly: population study (2006) American Journal of Epidemiology. Available at:

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3. Curcumin and cognitive function: meta‑analysis of randomized trials (2025) Frontiers in Nutrition. Available at:

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4. Curcumin: A Golden Approach to Healthy Aging: A Systematic Review of the Evidence (2024) Nutrients. Available at:

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5. Curcumin stimulates proliferation of neural progenitors and enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis (2008) Stem Cells and Development. Available at:

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6. Curcumin enhances neurogenesis and cognition in aged rats (2012) PLOS ONE. Available at:

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7. Short‑term curcumin supplementation increases serum BDNF: meta‑analysis of randomized trials (2019) Journal of Functional Foods. Available at:

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8. Effects of curcumin on learning and memory deficits, BDNF, and ERK protein expression in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (2014) Behavioural Brain Research. Available at:

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1. Cinnamon and cognitive function: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies (2024) Nutritional Neuroscience. Available at:

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2. Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Interventions on Cognition and Brain Health in Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020) Journal of Clinical Medicine. Available at:

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3. The Potential Role of Cinnamon in Human Health (2021) Forests Journal. Available at:

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4. Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models (2014) Plos One Journal. Available at:

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1. Magnesium and Cognitive Health in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) Advances in Nutrition. Available at:

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2. Association between magnesium intake and cognition in US older adults (2022) A & D: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. Available at:

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3. Neuroprotective effects of magnesium: implications for neuroinflammation and cognition (2024) Frontiers in Endocrinology. Available at:

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4. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium (2010) Neuron. Available at:

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5. Magnesium Citrate Increases Pain Threshold and Reduces TLR4 Concentration in the Brain (2021) Biological Trace Element Research. Available at:

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6. Dietary magnesium intake is related to larger brain volumes and lower white matter lesions with notable sex differences (2023) European Journal of Nutrition. Available at:

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7. Serum Magnesium and Cognitive Function Among Qatari Adults (2020) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Available at:

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1. Neuroprotective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) (2010) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Available at:

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2. Neuroprotective effects of macamide from maca (Lepidium meyenii) on corticosterone-induced hippocampal impairments through anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic and synaptic protection properties (2021) Food & Function. Available at:

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3. Oral Supplementation with Maca Improves Social Memory and Restores Social Recognition Impairments by Augmenting Oxytocinergic Signaling (2023) Nutrients. Available at:

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4. Preservation of Cognitive Function by Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is Associated with Improvement of Mitochondrial Activity and Upregulation of Autophagy-Related Proteins in Middle-Aged Mouse Cortex (2016) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Available at:

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1. Piperine, the potential functional food for mood and cognition (2008) Food and Chemical Toxicology. Available at:

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2. Effects of piperine on memory and behavior mediated via monoamine neurotransmitters (2005) Journal of Traditional Medicines. Available at:

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3. The Extract of Piper nigrum Improves the Cognitive Impairment and Mood in Sleep-Deprived Mice Through the JAK1/STAT3 Signalling Pathway (2025) International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Available at:

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1. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Bromelain: Applications, Benefits, and Mechanisms (2024) Nutrients. Available at:

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2. Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective (2021) Life Journal. Available at:

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1. Vitamin C supplementation promotes mental vitality in healthy young adults: results from a cross-sectional analysis and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (2021) Nutrients. Available at:

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2. Plasma Vitamin C Concentrations and Cognitive Function: A Cross-Sectional Study (2019) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Available at:

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3. Vitamin C Status and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review (2017) Nutrients. Available at:

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4. Vitamin C intake and cognitive function in older U.S. adults (2025) Frontiers in Nutrition. Available at:

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5. The Contribution of Plasma and Brain Vitamin C on Age- and Gender-Related Differences in Cognition (2020) Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. Available at:

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6. Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy adults in late life (2018) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Available at:

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7. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ascorbic Acid (2022) International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Available at:

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1. Vitamin status and cognitive function in a long-term care population (2005) BMC Geriatrics. Available at:

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2. Higher intake of certain nutrients among older adults is associated with better cognitive function: an analysis of NHANES 2011–2014 (includes B-vitamin analyses) (2023) BMC Nutrition. Available at:

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3. Individual and combined effects of dietary vitamin intake on cognitive function in elderly adults (includes niacin among vitamins assessed) (2025) Frontiers in Nutrition. Available at:

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1. A randomized trial of vitamin E and cognitive change in healthy women (2006) Archives of Internal Medicine. Available at:

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1. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cognitive and Emotional Functioning in Young Adults – A Randomised Controlled Trial (2011) PLOS ONE. Available at:

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2. Does high dose vitamin D supplementation enhance cognition?: A randomized trial in healthy adults (2017) Experimental Gerontology. Available at:

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3. Vitamin D Status and Rates of Cognitive Decline in a Multiethnic Cohort of Older Adults (2015) JAMA Neurology. Available at:

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4. Investigating Potential Dose–Response Relationships between Vitamin D Status and Cognitive Performance: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Middle- to Older-Aged Adults in the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study (2022) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Available at:

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5. Vitamin D status is associated with executive function a decade later: data from the Women’s Healthy Ageing Project (2018) Maturitas. Available at:

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1. Effects of zinc supplementation on cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults: the ZENITH study (2006) British Journal of Nutrition. Available at:

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2. Plasma trace elements and cognitive function in older men and women: The Rancho Bernardo study (2008) The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. Available at:

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3. Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Inflammatory and Cognitive Parameters in Middle-Aged Women (2023) Nutrients. Available at:

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4. Zinc intake, status and indices of cognitive function in children and adults: a systematic review (2015) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Available at:

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5. Cognitive function in healthy older European adults: the ZENITH study (2005) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Available at:

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1. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on mood and cognition (2010) Psychopharmacology. Available at:

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1. Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance (1994) Environmental Health Perspectives. Available at:

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2. The importance of boron nutrition for brain and psychological function (1998) Biological Trace Element Research. Available at:

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3. New Insights into Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals (2022) International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Available at:

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4. Effects of Dietary Food Components on Cognitive Function (2021) Nutrients. Available at:

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5. Update on human health effects of boron (2014) Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. Available at:

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1. Vitamin B6 for cognition (2003) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Available at:

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5. Associations between vitamin B6/B9/B12 status and cognitive performance in U.S. older adults (NHANES 2011–2014) (2022) Nutrients. Available at:

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1. Association of vitamin B2 intake with cognitive performance in older adults: a cross-sectional study (2023) Journal of Translational Medicine. Available at:

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3. Association between dietary riboflavin intake and cognitive decline in older adults: a cross-sectional analysis (2025) Nutritional Neuroscience. Available at:

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1. Iodine supplementation improves cognition in mildly iodine-deficient children (2009) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Available at:

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1. Improved cognitive-cerebral function in older adults with chromium supplementation (2010) Nutritional Neuroscience. Available at:

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1. Association between selenium intake and cognitive function among older adults in the US: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2011–2014 (2023) Journal of Nutritional Science. Available at:

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4. Mediation Effect of Oxidative Stress on Association Between Selenium Intake and Cognition in American Adults (2024) Nutrients. Available at:

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1. Effect of oral vitamin B-12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2006) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Available at:

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