Why Your Arguments Go in Circles: Understanding Facts Versus Values

Have you ever been in a debate that just kept going round and round, never reaching a conclusion? Often, it's because one person is discussing what is, whilst the other is arguing about what should be. This confusion between facts and values is like trying to taste a shelf to check if it's level—you're using the wrong tool for the job. When you learn to label which type of claim you're making, your reasoning becomes clearer, and circular arguments stop before they start.

The Problem: Mixing Two Different Types of Claims

Think of reasoning as having two distinct toolboxes. One contains instruments for measuring reality—levels, thermometers, and rulers. These help you answer questions about what is. The other toolbox contains your personal yardsticks—your values, priorities, and criteria for what matters. These help you answer questions about what should be or what is better.

Descriptive claims tell us about facts: 'The shelf is straight', 'It rained yesterday', 'This study shows X result'. Value claims express judgements: 'This dinner is delicious', 'We should prioritise education', 'That approach is more ethical'. The confusion happens when you blur these categories—when you try to use factual evidence to prove a value claim, or when you treat a personal preference as if it were an objective fact. Your reasons stop matching your conclusion, and suddenly no one can agree on anything.

The Two-Lane Method: Separating Facts from Values

Here's a simple framework that stops the confusion:

• Name your lane first: Before you make your case, say out loud (or write down): 'This is a factual claim' or 'This is a value claim'. This single step keeps everyone on the same page.
• Match your evidence to your claim type: If you're making a factual claim, bring directly relevant evidence—numbers, observations, documented records. If you're making a value claim, clearly state your criteria (what standard are you using?) and show how it applies.
• Signpost any lane changes: Sometimes you need to discuss both facts and values. That's fine, but make it explicit. Say something like, 'Now I've established the facts, let me explain why I think this matters' or 'Having discussed what should be done, here's the evidence that it's possible'.

Why This Approach Works

When you keep facts and values in their separate lanes, three things happen. First, your arguments become easier to follow—people know exactly what type of reasoning you're using. Second, disagreements become more productive because you can pinpoint where you differ (Is it about the facts? Or about our priorities?). Third, you avoid the trap of talking past each other, where one person brings statistics whilst the other talks about principles, and neither addresses what the other is actually saying.

This skill is particularly valuable for students and anyone who needs to think clearly under pressure. Whether you're writing an essay, preparing for an exam, or simply trying to make better decisions, separating facts from values is fundamental to sound reasoning.

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